A specific way a system can produce an incorrect, incomplete, unsafe, unauthorized, or misunderstood result.
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Unit 06 · resilient operation
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After this unit, you should be able to
Terms you will use
These definitions prepare you for the reading; you do not need to memorize them.A specific way a system can produce an incorrect, incomplete, unsafe, unauthorized, or misunderstood result.
The state the system must restore or reach after failure, including acceptable time, data loss, cost, and unresolved harm.
A governed transfer of decision or action to a person or process with the authority and evidence to handle the situation.
A model can misunderstand a goal or generate unsupported content. A tool can time out or return partial data. State can be stale. Two actions can conflict. Permissions can be too broad. A reviewer can approve without seeing the right evidence. A downstream institution can reject an otherwise valid request.
Calling all of these hallucination hides the repair. Each failure mode needs an observable signal, an owner, and a response. The same visible result—an incorrect booking—can require different fixes depending on whether the cause was stale availability, wrong arguments, duplicate execution, or missing approval.
Review too early and a person may approve only an abstract plan. Review too late and the effect has already occurred. The strongest gate usually presents a concrete proposed action immediately before an external, costly, sensitive, rights-affecting, or difficult-to-reverse effect.
Automated checks and human review can complement each other. Software is useful for schemas, limits, duplicates, and known policy rules. People are needed for context, exceptions, contested values, and responsibility, but only if the interface exposes what matters.
A stop button helps only if the system can actually halt queued or downstream actions. Undo helps only if the previous state is known and restoration works. Design idempotency, staged rollout, backups, compensating actions, revocable credentials, notifications, and clear ownership before deployment.
After an incident, contain ongoing effects, preserve appropriate evidence, communicate to affected people, restore or compensate where possible, and investigate the system rather than blaming one output. Feed the lesson into tests, limits, permissions, interfaces, and training for reviewers.
Interactive model
Narrow goals and access, validate inputs, test, simulate, and stage consequential capability.
Misconception to correct
Active checks
Explain back and transfer
Source context
Supports lifecycle risk management, monitoring, documentation, incident response, accountability, and continuous improvement; it is not an assurance that a chosen control is sufficient.
Provides voluntary risk-management actions for generative systems and their supply chains; teams must select controls for their actual context and stakes.